Of All The Examples Of Injustice Against Humanity In History, The Essa

Of the considerable number of instances of treachery against mankind ever, the Jewish Holocaust must be one of the most conspicuous. In the period of 1933 to 1945, the Nazis pursued a horrible war against Jews and otherlesser races. This war reached a critical stage with the Last Solution in 1938. One of the final products of the Final Solution was the terrible fixation and concentration camps of Germany, Poland, and different pieces of Nazi-controlled Europe. In the repercussions of the Holocaust, individuals around the globe were stunned by definite counts of human misfortunes, and the individuals dependable were rebuffed for their brutal demonstrations. The Holocaust was a dim time throughout the entire existence of the twentieth century. One can follow the beginnings of the Holocaust as far back as 1933, at the point when the Nazi party of Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler, came to control. Hitler's enemy of Jew crusade started soon a while later, with the Nuremberg Laws, which characterized the importance of being Jewish dependent on heritage. These laws likewise constrained isolation among Jews and the remainder of the open. It was just a diminish sign of what the future held for European Jews. Hostile to Jewish animosity proceeded for a considerable length of time after the death of the Nuremberg Laws. One of these was the Aryanization of Jewish property and business. Jews were dynamically constrained out of the economy of Germany, their advantages went over to the administration and the German open. Different types of corruption were slaughters, or sorted out exhibits against Jews. The first, and generally scandalous, of these slaughters was Krystallnacht, or the evening of broken glass. This slaughter was provoked by the death of Ernst von Rath, a German representative, by Herschel Grymozpan in Paris on November seventh, 1938. Two days after the fact, a demonstration of counter was composed by Joseph Gobbels to assault Jews in Germany. On the evenings of November ninth and tenth, over 7,000 Jewish organizations were wrecked, 175 places of worship destroyed, about 100 Jews had been slaughtered, and thousands more had been harmed, for the death of one authority by a Jew (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 96). From multiple points of view, this was the primary significant demonstration of viciousness to Jews made by the Nazis. Their goals were currently clear. The Nazi's arrangements for the Jews of Europe were sketched out in the Last Answer for the Jewish inquiry in 1938. In a gathering of some of Hitler's high ranking representatives, the possibility of the total demolition of Jews in Europe was brought forth. When the gathering was finished, the Final Arrangement had been made. The plans remembered for the Final Solution incorporated the extradition, abuse, and possible eradication of European Jews. In September 1939, Germany attacked western Poland. Most, if not all Jews in German-involved terrains were gathered together and taken to ghettos or inhumane imprisonments. The ghettos were situated inside urban communities, and were a kind of city/jail to isolate Jews from the remainder of the general population. Conditions in the ghettos included congestion, absence of food, and absence of sanitation, just as ruthlessness by Nazi gatekeepers. Nature of life in a ghetto was most likely very little over that in a fixation camp. In June 1941, Germany proceeded with it's attack of Europe by assaulting and catching a portion of the western U.S.S.R. At this point, the majority of the Jews in Europe currently lived in lands constrained by Nazi Germany. The SS sent 3000 passing crews, or Einstagruppen, to dispatch Jews in huge numbers (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). In September 1941, all Jews had to wear yellow Stars of David on their arms or covers. A Jew could be slaughtered with close to nothing repercussions for not showing the Star of David out in the open. Some of the primary Jewish protection from the Final Solution came in 1943, when the procedure of extradition to focus and concentration camps was in full swing. The Warsaw ghetto in Poland, when numbering more than 365,000, had been diminished to just 65,000 by the proceeding with evacuation of Jews to camps in different grounds (Holocaust, the. Microsoft Encarta 1996). When the Nazis came to gather together the rest of the occupants of the ghetto, they were met with opposition from the little power of equipped Jews. The revolt went on for very nearly three weeks before being stifled. Between the long stretches of 1941 to 1945, the principle goal for Jews to be moved was an inhumane imprisonment or concentration camp some place in Poland or on the other hand Germany. In these camps, guiltless Jews, alongside Gypsies, Slavs, Jehova's Witnesses, Communists, and P.O.W.s, were severely beaten and mishandled, took care of pitiful proportions of poor food, attempted to death, or just shot. The first of these camps were set up in

What is the Role of ther Journalist Essay Example

What is the Role of ther Journalist? Article This article will examine the inquiry what is the job of a columnist? Right off the bat, it will show that Britain has a free press and endeavor to clarify what free press implies. It will at that point attempt to recognize the various sorts of writer normal in the media today, with center around print news-casting. Also, it will contend that it is major that all writers comply with an expert and moral code of conduct. Britain has a free press. There is no blue pencil and no permitting, and anybody can distribute a paper gave the person doesn't overstep the law in doing as such. (Hogson, 1994, p.153). English press is private; the Government has no influence over distribution, nor is it permitted to possess any offers in press organizations and no helper is conceded. Be that as it may, British press receives exception from the installment of VAT. The press is permitted full access to Parliament, and Governmental activities are remarked on day by day in news reports. England in any case, has no composed constitution and opportunity of the press exists here by agreement just (Belsley Chadwick, 2006). Reporting in 2007, covers an a lot more extensive range than at any other time, the headways of the Internet, satellite and digital TV and cell phone innovation has made news perpetually open and its supporters more diverse.(Allan, 2005). Numerous papers have their own online releases, TV slots communicate news twenty-four hours every day and news updates can be gotten by means of instant message through cell phones (Harcup, 2004). All the data is continually refreshed and it isn't just columnists who flexibly it, to be sure individuals from the open contact the media legitimately with breaking news and observer accounts (bbc.co.uk). We will compose a custom exposition test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on What is the Role of ther Journalist? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Paper columnists come in numerous pretenses; it utilizes staff journalists whom are depended upon to furnish the paper with its fundamental news content. They are typically broad journalists, who the editorial manager of the paper appoints stories to cover and are commonly required to examine and additionally check realities (Harris Spark, 1996). Once advised, it is their obligation to guarantee that every one of their realities are exact, which is finished utilizing reference books, chronicles and paper cuttings documents or by calling pertinent sources. They are likewise responsible for guaranteeing that spellings of names, places and the titles of notable individuals are right, which incorporates checking topographical and business data and foundations of individuals; furthermore any data that they have found from references in past reports they have utilized. (Fleming et al, 2006) A paper isn't involved uniquely of reports; it additionally incorporates supposition pages and tattle sections. On the supposition pages, authors are permitted (by the proofreader) to build up their own style and are an outflow of the perspectives and assessments of that essayist. Truth checking and responsibility isn't as significant here, in spite of the fact that the peruser must be made mindful this is feeling and not actuality. Conclusion pages frequently air disputable perspectives of current reports, ideally promising response from perusers, undoubtedly a writers achievement can be estimated by the quantity of letters they get (Hogson, 1994). Tattle editorialists work along these lines, however center around the well known and scandalous current in the news and are commonly found in newspaper papers, as opposed to broadsheets. Also there are frequently way of life sections, offering assistance, counsel and exceptional data on an assortment of issues, including diet, wellbeing and wellness, enriching and home improvement thoughts. Most papers remember monetary and business news for a different segment of the paper, not generally regularly. Game is accounted for on day by day and generally fills the final pages, albeit national games regularly show up on their front pages and numerous a newspaper highlights brandishing outrages on its spread. In an ongoing article in The Observer, feature writer Peter Preston remarks on reports that paper dissemination is in decrease and the general population is presently utilizing different sources to get news. He contends notwithstanding, utilizing cites from Carolyn McCall, the CEO of The Guardian bunch that it is the sensationalist newspapers, for example, The Mirror, The People and The News of the World who are losing their readership. He asserts that quality papers including the eyewitness, The Telegraph and The Times have scarcely had a move available for use figures over the most recent thirty years. I would recommend that these figures could maybe mirror the occasionally tremendous mix-ups that these papers have made in their detailing. As referenced by Stuart Allen (2005), who starts his book with the tale of The Mirrors botch in printing pictures of Iraqi detainees of war, which were later demonstrated to be fakes. He asserts that if appropriate sourcing were embraced, the paper would have revealed the trick before distributing. Stories like this one sabotage societys confidence in the columnist. Hence, Tony Harcups (2007) recommendation that the most significant job of a columnist is to report reality, could be principal to the fate of newsprint. Harcup begins his clarification with a reference to a story from a 1963 American paper, which was the motivation for a melody by Bob Dylan. Harcup recounts to the account of Hattie Carroll, a dark server, who was killed by affluent white rancher, William Zantzinger. He clarifies that the story began locally, yet became national news when Zantzinger got just a multi month jail sentence; which was likewise conceded to permit him an opportunity to cultivate his yields. Harcup clarifies that Dylan composed the tune The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll, with the case that it was a genuine story. Dylan, similar to a great deal of writers, discovered he blamed for controlling reality. Nonetheless, in contrast to a writer, Harcup composes that as an artist, Dylan was conceded imaginative permit:

Tips and Tricks for Boosting Growth and Profit through Marketing Intelligence

Tips and Tricks for Boosting Growth and Profit through Marketing Intelligence Marketing is such a broad topic that it no longer comes as surprise when we realize there are other aspects of it that we didn’t know about. In fact, even marketers, or people who are heavily engaged in marketing processes, will tell you that they do not know everything about this discipline or business aspect. For them, learning about, practicing and implementing marketing and its many processes is a continuous process. In the conduct of the different marketing activities, they learn something new every day.Certainly, one of the many business activities considered to be vital to marketing involves how businesses deal with data that will be used in making decisions, specifically marketing decisions: how they collect or gather the data, where the data will be sourced or collected from, and the impact or relevance of the data to the marketing program of the business and the business, as a whole. © Shutterstock.com | everything possibleIn this context, we are not talking about just any random data. We are specifically referring to data about markets. This type of data has a name: marketing intelligence.WHAT IS MARKETING INTELLIGENCE?Earlier definitions described “marketing intelligence”, or MI, as “primarily external data about markets collected and analyzed by businesses for decision-making and planning purposes.” However, the outlook on MI has expanded in recent years, so that the focus is no longer restricted to external data.Therefore, we now often hear MI being defined as the set of activities conducted by a business to obtain or acquire knowledge and understanding of a market using all existing sources of information â€" both external and internal â€" for marketing planning and decision-making purposes. Take note that the concentration is no longer on external data alone, but also on internal data and, increasingly, social media monitoring.MI covers a whole sle w of data and information, such as:An overview of the features of a market;Prevailing issues, problems and controversies in the market;Identity of competitors within the market, and their behavior;Identity of customers within the market, and their behavior; andThe market potential for new products or services.Depending on the nature of the business, industry and market, there are other forms or types of data that may be considered as marketing intelligence, but the ones listed above are what you’d usually find in every business’ MI list.The responsibility of gathering and analyzing MI falls on the shoulders of individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills in identifying and tracking potential sources of MI and making in-depth and detailed assessments of the MI collected. They are often referred to as Marketing Intelligence Specialists and Market Analysts.Before conducting market research, the people undertaking this task already have a clear idea where to get their informa tion from. Fortunately, there are multiple sources of marketing intelligence that they can turn to.Incidentally, the sources of the data to be collected and analyzed came to define the two classifications or types of marketing intelligence.1. MI based on external dataThis type of marketing data is derived from external sources, or from outside the business organization, and obtained through desk researches. The most frequently used external sources include:Market analysts’ reports and publications. From time to time, market analysts release publications containing their assessments of the current state of markets, and these could provide the business with valuable insight about the market.Competitor intelligence, covering everything from operational to financial data. Usually, the focus of gathering MI about the competition is on their market positioning and differentiation strategies, as well as their pricing policies.Press release (PR) or mass media monitoring. By keeping their eye on the news, businesses can also glean valuable information that will impact their marketing decisions.Social media monitoring. This basically entails collecting data about the market from Facebook status updates, tweets, and other posts in various social media platforms. It is a fact that there is increasing usage of social media by consumers across markets and industries, and the social nature of these platforms make them ideal venues for consumers to provide commentary that will, in turn, be interpreted for market analysis.2. MI based on internal dataThe sources of data for this type of marketing intelligence are identifiable within the confines of the organization. More often than not, they are information generated by the company through its own efforts and data-gathering activities. They include:Historical market data, or data obtained from previous market researches and studies conducted by the company. Marketers often refer to historical data â€" even dating as far back as several decades ago â€" when their analysis calls for making comparisons and identifying trends and patterns.Company’s internal database, which was periodically maintained and kept up to date with any relevant information as they came in. The database may include records of past transactions and results of operations of the business.Prospect lists drawn up by the marketing team through its various marketing efforts such as subscription programs, loyalty programs, and the like.Feedback from key members of the organization, such as the sales team, marketing team, distribution team, suppliers, and other partners. They are the ones on the front lines, so to speak, so they have a better handle on the “pulse” of the market and the consumers.Online activities of the company from its website and social media accounts. This is not to be confused with the “social media monitoring” in the first type of MI, since the social media activities monitored were undertaken by external pla yers or forces. In this specific case, it is the company that actively takes steps to use its online and social media presence to gather MI. For example, analysis of website traffic can provide an insight on what the customers are interested in, and how they behave when faced with the prospect of purchasing the products and services of the business.Now, between the two types, which MI is more reliable and persuasive? Generally, externally-sourced MI may be considered more reliable, boasting more objectivity. Some businesses may be wary of their own internal data, for the simple reason that personal interests may cloud the objectivity and validity of the information.However, that generalization is inconclusive. Before deciding whether external MI is more reliable or not, there is a need to take a look at the information gathering and maintenance system of the business. A well-designed system may justify high reliance on internal MI.Intelligence is mainly about asking the right questi ons. THE IMPORTANT ROLES OF MARKETING INTELLIGENCEInformation is power, and nothing can be truer in business, which cannot survive, much less begin, if there is no information to start with. Without raw data, there will be no information available for the business to work with. There will be no basis for making decisions, and certainly no parameters to measure performance against. Running a business without data or intelligence is akin to driving in the dark without a map, a navigation system, or even a single headlight.Marketing intelligence plays a vital role in business growth and profitability, although some may not be able to spot the direct connection at first glance. It is in the usage of the gathered and analyzed marketing intelligence that will have an impact on the company’s profit level and potential for growth.As stated in the definitions earlier, marketing intelligence is essential when management is making business decisions or drawing up plans for the business. We w ill be able to understand this concept better if we know exactly how market intelligence will be used.MI is a useful tool in the assessment or evaluation of opportunities for entering new markets.A business may be able to spot a dozen market entry opportunities. However, there is a high probability that only a few of those opportunities will be viable for the business. Marketing intelligence will aid in the identification of which opportunities are worth taking a second look at. This way, decision-makers can rule out the not-so-good prospects and focus their planning and strategizing on those that have potential.MI is used in the design of market development plans.A business adapting market development as a growth strategy has to put a lot of effort and resources in studying the new market that it plans to develop, and subsequently sell its existing products to. The risk in market development is that the new market may not accept what the business is offering. Collecting and analyzi ng MI will help lower that risk, allowing the business to get to know its new customers first before devising marketing techniques on how to introduce their products.MI can serve as basis for the creation of market penetration strategies.Market penetration involves selling existing products or services into an already existing market in order to increase the market share of the company. One of the huge challenges faced by businesses in this strategy is in the presence of competitors that are also offering similar products and services. Therefore, businesses have to implement positioning and differentiation tactics, such as increasing promotions, lowering prices, offering discounts and special offers, and the like.However, making the decision on what tactic to use is not something that can be done at random. This is where MI will play a role. Its analysis will help in identifying which tactic to employ in order for the business to penetrate the market and get a bigger piece of the ma rket.MI can help management in deciding fund and resource allocations for its marketing initiatives.MI addresses issues such as where the business should devote more of its marketing budget. Say, for instance, that the marketing team is currently running three marketing campaigns simultaneously. According to MI, the first two campaigns are doing very well, attracting customers and driving conversions, more than the third one. As a result, more resources will be poured into the third campaign in order to push it further into the target market’s awareness.BOOST PROFITABILITY AND BUSINESS GROWTH THROUGH MARKETING INTELLIGENCECast your MI-gathering net wide.There are multiple sources of MI, and you have to take advantage of as many of them as you can, if not all of them.One of the biggest mistakes you can make in gathering MI is by restricting it to one or two sources. There is a reason why MI is no longer primarily focused on external data sources, and that is because of the general realization that internal data, too, is relevant.Often, it is the most obvious and accessible sources that are overlooked. Many businesses fail to optimize the use of data resources that are readily (and often freely) provided by the government. You will find relevant data on population, economy, trade and labor, and market trends provided by the various government agencies.Usually, what is stopping companies from using all sources of information available is the cost and manpower that it will require. They want to cut back on spending, so they will choose only one or two sources. If this is the case, there is a need to identify the sources of information that will provide the most relevant and reliable data.Motivate from within… and without.The quality of MI will improve if all the key players â€" inside and outside â€" the organization are involved and supportive of the conduct of MI gathering and analysis.Start with your sales team. They are the ones directly engaged in the sel ling activities of the company, exposed to the market and interacting with the customers. That makes them your prime gatherers of marketing intelligence. You can look at them as the conduit or link that connects the business to the market, so they are likely the first ones to know about relevant information on market trends and movements, consumer behaviors, competitor actions, and market opportunities.Therefore, the business should invest in training all the members of its sales force in intelligence gathering. Motivate them, not only to do their jobs, but also to contribute in the company’s MI initiatives.Take a look at the company’s relationship with distributors and other partners and collaborators. They are usually the external parties in your distribution channels, such as dealers, retailers, suppliers and other intermediaries. With the right motivation and prompting on your part, they can act on your behalf in gathering high quality and reliable marketing intelligence. Fo r example, retailers can utilize mystery shoppers to collect data that will be used by the manufacturer of the products.The best form of motivation, by far, is maintaining a good relationship with them. However, in some cases, businesses hire the external parties, in their capacity as specialists, to collect MI for the company. As in the previous example, these hired MI specialists will be the one to conduct mystery shopper activities instead of the retailers.Exercise competitive intelligence.Competitive intelligence refers to a firm’s efforts in understanding and learning what is happening outside the business, and using that to make the business competitive. This requires taking a long, hard look at the external environment of the business, from the industry to the competitors, the media and regulatory bodies.What activities are usually used by businesses to improve MI? Here are some examples.Expanding external networks to the press media and industrial players;Purchasing produc ts and services of competitors, and testing them out; andAnalysis of advertising campaigns, press coverages and publications of competitors.Competitive intelligence should not be confused with corporate or industrial espionage, since it is within legal and ethical bounds while the latter is not.Get customers involved.Another external source of data that you should tap into is the customer. Market intelligence specialist Ajith Sankaran pointed out how many businesses, especially the small to medium-sized ones, often overlook the potential of customers as data sources.This actually makes sense. MI includes data on the customers, so what better way than getting the information straight from the horse’s mouth? If you want to find out about the customers, then your best bet is to go straight to them to get the information that you need.Usually, gathering customer intelligence is done through referring to market researches and reports, and maybe some active data-gathering techniques suc h as floating questionnaires and surveys. However, there are other, more creative but inexpensive ways of getting more customer intelligence.Many businesses set up processes that are specifically designed to build and maintain customer lists. Large, successful companies also maintain customer feedback programs tailored to their unique setups, in lieu of sending their marketing teams out on the field to have customers fill out survey forms. Feedback fed by customers into these programs are mostly given voluntarily, which makes the customer intelligence more reliable. Most businesses with strong online presence these days apply this trick through well-designed online customer feedback facilities.Another highly recommended tip is for the company to form a customer advisory panel composed of various customers with different reactions or perceptions of the product or brand. If you put loyal customers on the panel, balance it out by including customers that used to buy your products but h ave since moved to another brand. If possible, include customers whose loyalties lie with your competitor. Consider including in the panel customers that love your product, as well as customers that hate it.The MI provided by this panel include insights on what the customers are looking for that you can (and cannot) offer, and what you are doing right (and wrong). By analyzing your customers, you will be able to identify additional sales opportunities, which clearly means higher sales revenues and profit.Maximize the use of market intelligence tools.Small enterprises operating in small markets may implement their MI initiatives by assigning several people or a small team on the job. However, this may be a challenge if they will end up dealing with large amounts of MI, or with MI boasting high complexity. Usually, the easiest way out for some would be outsource MI activities and hire a specialist to do them. Or, they could stick to the original plan of doing it by themselves, but wit h the aid of certain specialized tools.Large and resource-rich companies are able to create their own customized tools for gathering market intelligence. Those who are not as “well-off” need not be disheartened, however, since there are still options available to them.Market intelligence tools are developed primarily to facilitate the data-gathering process, but there are also tools made to aid in the analysis of the data as well. Companies may also rely on these tools for storage of the information gathered and analyzed.Take a look at the following list of market intelligence tools â€" only a handful out of the many tools available today.SurveyMonkey â€" This free online survey software and questionnaire tool lets businesses easily create surveys and send them to the targeted respondents via web, mobile, and social media. A premium account will provide collaboration features, where teams can collectively analyze surveys. Analytics offered by the site will ultimately aid in deci sion-making.Pentaho â€" Pentaho claims to be a “comprehensive data integration and business analytics platform”. Among Pentaho’s list of products are Big Data, Data Integration, Embedded Analytics, Business Analytics and Cloud Business Analytics. Some of the noted Pentaho users are big names such as Caterpillar, Sears Holdings, and Nasdaq.Sisense â€" This business intelligence software is recommended for the analysis of large amounts of data, no matter how complex. It also allows presentation and viewing of analytics in an interactive and visual manner, making it possible for management to understand what the data is actually saying. Sisense was included in Forbes 2016 list of World’s Best 100 Cloud Companies, with a client roster including eBay, Philips, fiverr, and Sony.Oracle â€" Oracle is a popular choice among the many integrated cloud applications and platform service providers. This platform allows easier sharing of business and market intelligence across all stakehol ders. As far as databases go, Oracle is a favorite because of its simplicity and ease of use, as well as its other cutting-edge features.Birst â€" Birst specializes in using data to connect the key players within the organization through its proprietary networked analytics and business intelligence platform.Marketing intelligence is a vital part of any company’s marketing plan. As a matter of fact, marketing intelligence plays a very crucial role in the entire business plan. To ensure profitability and growth of the business through its marketing initiatives, it should have a strong and solid foundation, characterized by reliable, sufficient and high quality marketing intelligence.

Analysis Of The Book The Hidden Hand - 2455 Words

A standout amongst the most fascinating advancements in nineteenth-century American writing school courses as of late has been the presentation of old well known books by ladies to the syllabus. Among works of this kind, E. D. E. N. Southworth s The Hidden Hand is the book understudies appreciate the most. A well-known essayist with such toughness must probably been minutely mindful of people in general taste while additionally applying significant social impact on readers and authors. Subsequently, much basic talk of Southworth s sensational fiction in later decades has attempted to clarify away the Southworth sensation by deprecating both her and her crowd. As the novel structure got to be progressively socially respectable, and abstract authenticity turned into the favored novelistic mode, sentimentalists like Southworth were made to connote what wasn t right with prominent taste and in addition how mainstream essayists were falling flat in their commitment to lift general society to higher social level. Capitola s encounters and conduct never even remotely start to â€Å"desecrate† her womanly character. Her purpose behind cross-dressing is, exactly, to safeguard that character. While all the ragged boys I knew could get little jobs to earn bread, I, because I was a girl, was not allowed to carry a gentleman s parcel, or black his boots, or shovel the snow off a shopkeeper s pavement, or put in coal, or do anything that I could do just as well as they. 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The Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Trap

The Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Trap For the Independent Writing task, you are going to obtain a question on a specific topic or issue. Work on your vocabulary If your intent is to be at the surface of your game and compose a winning academic essay, then you have to put forward your ideas clearly. A great persuasive speech topic needs to be specific and focused. An ideal topic for an informative speech ought to be one that touches on contemporary issues and issues that lots of people have very little understanding about. On the flip side, there are plenty of enterprises that are conscious of the worldwide warming and decrease trash in the practice of producing products. You may be requested to compose an essay about technology, education, media, loved ones, or another subject. Some people think that scientific discoveries have given us a far better mastery of the world around us. The most important target of technological advancement ought to be to increase people's effici ency so they have more leisure time. When you learn how to utilize your child rearing skills wisely, both the parents and kids will be in a position to relish life harmoniously. Relationships between parents and kids are continuously changing throughout life. They tend to butt heads as children become more and more independent. Parents and children communicating with one another and firm but reasonable child discipline will assist the child understand proper behavior. Key Pieces of Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Luckily, there are a few immigration agents readily available online and offline who can assist the people to immigrate abroad for travel, study or employment purposes. Some trustworthy sources of information which it is possible to cite usually consist of government sites, educational institution sites, credible media organizations, and peer-reviewed research papers. The ideal place to gather complete information regarding the scholarship is the legitimate site of the s ponsor. One more thing about citing research papers is they can be dated. Essay writing is a trying and strenuous affair for the majority of students. Soon, you're going to be in a position to document all the essential arguments and supporting details you will need for the prompt. Instead, you've got to think of your own subject from a huge pool of possibilities. Some men and women think that universities should require every student to have a selection of courses beyond the student's field of study. Since the Writing section demands multiple abilities, you will want multiple study tools to be able to be totally prepared. Magoosh also offers three complete TOEFLs, so that you may use those Writing questions also. Writing is a crucial skill for life. It is not only a crucial skill but also can be used as a powerful tool for learning in all curriculums. Knowing the most typical IELTS essay topics enables you to concentrate on the main vocabulary. It is critical to compose an essay in keeping with the academic standards and, at the exact same time, it has to be a TOEFL piece of writing. To score excellent marks you will need to begin your prior studies and preparation. It's also wise to realise that IELTS is an international exam and as soon as the writers of the exam are making the questions, their principal concern is writing questions which can be understood by nearly everybody in the world. The Hidden Gem of Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 So, as a way to prepare for your TOEFL, it's recommended to practice speaking about your preferences in education. Fortunately, you don't will need to come in the TOEFL with a prior comprehension of the topic at hand to be able to find the most suitable answer. It's imperative to remain up-to-date with the latest study. Students will maintain a list of vocabulary terms they've learned thro ughout the class. The One Thing to Do for Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 Writing informative speech papers on topic people are already acquainted with will not satisfy the most important objective of informative speeches. There are lots of essay sites which have huge databases containing variety of topics for all kinds of speech writing. The very best research topic is one which is easily researchable. There are two major means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit. The Bizarre Secret of Essay Topics for Toefl 2014 At some stage, you're likely to be requested to compose an argumentative essay. Questions are a standard direction of getting interest, and evocative language or a strong statistic Don't assume your audience is already knowledgeable about your topic. Following that, you will need to plan and draft an ideal reaction to a question that follows. You will have twenty minutes to file your answer. For the very first part, you will al ways be requested to compose an essay, as it's the sole option provided. The expression co-dependence often includes an attached negative label. In each one of the 3 paragraphs, your very first sentence, known as the topic sentence, is going to be the point you're explaining from your thesis. The main aim of a persuasive speech is to deliver details about a specific topic to an audience in an appealing manner that will convince them to adopt your viewpoint.

Marine Fishes Free Essays

Marine aquariums and saltwater fish†¦ capturing the imagination and inspiring enthusiasts for nearly 2 centuries! The world’s oceans are inhabited with over 14, 000 species of saltwater fish. A fascinating realm of sea creatures that are natural wonders of color, form, and display. With such an astounding diversity, learning about marine fish and keeping saltwater aquariums is an exciting adventure. We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Fishes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our list of saltwater fish covers a wide array of species from marine aquarium fish to exotic species. Each fish guide offers salt water fish information starting with where they are found and their habitat, followed with fish care, behaviors, and compatibility. Fish pictures are provided with each guide to help choose a pet and aid as a fish identification guide. Log In Marine Aquariums – Saltwater Fish | |Saltwater Fish Guides – Fish Care and Information – Pictures of Fish | |Anemone Fish | | | |Many anemone fish enjoy a simbiotic relationship with anemones | | | |[pic] | |Anemonefish – Damsels – Damsels are very colorful, but are also very hardy and adapt easily to captivity. | |[pic] | |Clownfish – Clownfish get their name because of their clown like markings and an adorable ‘waddle-like’ swimming motion, they | |are truly the clowns of sea! | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | | | |[pic] | |Angelfish – Saltwater angelfish are tr uly an inspiration for many aquarists. Their majestic beauty is rivaled by few other | |types of fish. | |[pic] | |Blenny Types – Blennies are long, blunt headed fish. The male blennies are usually larger and more colorful than the females. |Blennies like to perch in the rocks and will enjoy an aquarium with plenty of rockwork or live rock. | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Butterflyfish – Like angelfish, butterflyfish can be incredibly colorful and beautiful. Unfortunately, they are generally | |harder to keep in an aquarium because of their specialized diets. |[pic] | |Gobies and Dartfish – Gobies live in holes either found or dug from the sand which serve as a place to bolt into when danger is| |near, while the Dartfish or Dart Gobies swim above their protective caves. | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Hawkfishes – â€Å"The name comes from their hawklike hunting behaviour. | |[pic] | |Lionfish – The Last Thing Many Fish Will Ever See à ¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Mandarinfish and Dragonets – Mandarinfish and Dragonets are mostly bottom dwellers. They often like to bury themselves in the | |sand or flit from rock to rock in search of the small animals they like to feed upon. |[pic] | |Marine Eels – â€Å"The romans valued morays very highly, docorating them with jewels† | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Miscellaneous Saltwater Fish – Saltwater fish that are not represented by a large number of species. Many of these marine fish | |make wonderful additons to the marine or reef aquarium. | |[pic] | |Puffers – Boxfish – Porcupinefish – Puffers, Boxfish, and Porcupinefish are considered hardy in the sense that they will almost| |always adapt to aquarium food if fed proper foods. These fish love to eat will often look forward to seeing the person that | |feeds them. | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Sea Basses and Groupers – â€Å"When the B etta hunts it approaches its prey sideways †¦ † | |[pic] | |Sharks and Rays – Sharks and Rays can be incredible additions to aquariums that are large enough to suit the particular | |species. Unfortunately most of them are too large for anything but a public aquarium. | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Surgeonfish – The Acanthuridae family contains the fish that are known as Surgeonfish, Tangs, Unicornfish, and doctorfish. The | |name â€Å"surgeonfish† comes from the erectable razor sharp spines at the base of their bodies just in front of the tail fin. |[pic] | |Triggerfish – Members of this family have acquired their common name ‘triggerfish’ from the characteristic locking and | |unlocking of their first dorsal fin. | | | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | |Wrasses – Wrasses come in a wide assortment of colors, shapes and sizes. They are very beautiful and a fun addition to marine | |aquariums. | | | | | How to cite Marine Fishes, Papers

Problems of Team Cohesiveness in Online Courses

Introduction When working with an online group, team cohesiveness is crucial for sharing of information and improving each member’s knowledge. The main challenge that befalls online courses teams is how to develop cohesiveness with the team members who might come from different cultural, economical, social, and political background; however with strategic moves, the cohesion can be developed (Parker, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problems of Team Cohesiveness in Online Courses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses how to improve team cohesiveness and the benefits that will be attained from health cohesion. Improving team cohesiveness To improve cohesiveness among online members when conferencing members should be allowed to discuss matters that are outside the main topic for some time; although care should be exercised that the amount of time taken does not deviate the main topics to cover. The matters that can bring people together include once culture, political situation in their country, some life experiences that they might have undergone and they are willing to share, hobbies and likes. Other than communicating via the teleconferencing, members should be encouraged to be members of the same social network site as they will be able to discuss other issue of life that will facilitate them opening up and creating the much needed cohesion. When it comes on the part of the course, the team should manage the course such that every member is given a chance to handle a certain topic them train the other members; with such moves, members will feel they are accountable of each other and their cohesion builds. Another aspect that builds cohesion among people is conflicts management and sharing of experiences; in the case there will be an occurrence that calls for solving among the team members, every member should be involves in looking for a solution. When this h appens, everyone will feel appreciated and a member of the larger team.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Benefits of team cohesion When working with a team that has a healthy cohesion, every member feels accountable and answerable to the larger group, with the feeling everyone works for the good of the other and thus team spirit is facilitated. When working in a team, communication and unselfish sharing of information is crucial, this can only be attained when the team has a good relation that is build through cohesion. There are times that conflicts among the members hinder the delivery of quality results, however when a team is well bonded, then such occurrences are unlikely to happen. Teams that have strong cohesion among themselves are highly motivated and fulfill their tasks and obligations in the team effectively; they are willing to learn and be taught by their counter parts. Motivation among members gives rise to high morale of fulfilling tasks that one has been allocated by the team and doing them diligently and on time. When challenged by other team members, member will be taking it positive and work to improve on the areas that have been pointed by others. Teams with good cohesiveness among themselves attain their targets and objectives with ease (Crother-Laurin, 2006). Conclusion Team cohesion is crucial for performance improvement among team members; it creates team spirit and promotes accountability of each team member. To promote the growth of team cohesiveness, team members need to respect each other opinion and criticize others positively. Team with high cohesiveness perform better and are more likely to attain their goals and objectives with ease. References Crother-Laurin, C. (2006). Effective Teams: A Symptom of Healthy Leadership. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 29(3), 4.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problems of Team Cohesiveness in Online Courses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parker, G. ,(2009). Team Leadership: 20 Proven Tools for Success. New Jersey: Human Resource Development Press. This essay on Problems of Team Cohesiveness in Online Courses was written and submitted by user Silver Centurion to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Impact of Tax Havens on Business Decision-making The WritePass Journal

The Impact of Tax Havens on Business Decision-making   Introduction The Impact of Tax Havens on Business Decision-making   IntroductionCharacteristics of Tax HavensThe Role of Tax Havens in International Market  Practical Uses of Tax HavensConclusionReferencesRelated   Introduction OECD’s initiatives have exemplified that tax havens have attracted more and more attention in recent years (OECD, 1998, 2000, 2004). Compared with nonhaven countries, tax havens have lower levels of corruption, better political and legal systems, and that they could defer or reduce tax liabilities to other countries through strategic use of debt among subsidiaries or transfer prices strategy. A 100% owned abroad subsidiary of a multinational company (MNC) can manipulate their interests, management fees, transfer prices and royalties charges, which can cause the subsidiary to avoid some tax payments in home country. Generally, a MNC could minimize taxable income arising in high tax countries, increase investments in low tax countries to reduce the average tax rate on their profits, or in order to delay the investment income from high tax jurisdictions, they could keep these earnings in a very low-tax country before they are used (Miller and Oats, 2009). If firms can get low tax rates abroad, they may not bring the money back to their home countries which have high tax rate, as a result, when the MNC recycles its foreign profits arising abroad, these earnings could be exempted from being retained earnings or foreign borrowings. Tax havens could be used as a means to protect portfolio gains from foreign direct investment profits. This is mainly because the infrastructure in tax havens is much more suitable to mobile portfolio income. This paper through analyzing three aspects of tax havens: its characteristics; its role in international market; the practical uses, mainly explains the impact of tax havens on business decision-making. Characteristics of Tax Havens Actually, the definition of tax havens still hasn’t been defined standard. Typically, in tax havens foreign investors can enjoy very favorable tax regimes, such as low or nil withholding tax rates or corporate tax rates on all or certain categories of income. In recent years, although the national tax group shares more and more kinds of information, another feature of tax havens bank or commercial secrecy laws is still very significant. Tax havens are low-tax jurisdictions, and in these areas investors have opportunities to get tax avoidance. No matter in what shape or form of tax havens, these countries and jurisdictions try to gain competitive advantages in commercial competitions through their particular tax systems. These tax havens are often recognized as offshore financial centers, which usually means â€Å"any shifting of funds out of the country of taxpayer residence for tax planning or tax evasion purposes† (Miller and Oats, 2009, p226). In offshore financial centers transactions with non-residents often exceed the related domestic transactions to a large extend (Dixon 2001, as cited in Miller and Oats, 2009, p225). These offshore financial centers normally have favorable regulatory system, legal environment and tax regime; MNCs perhaps adopt new financial products quickly and flexibly in the favorable legal environment. Dharmapala and Hines (2006) illustrate some characteristics of tax havens compared with nonhavens. In general, tax havens countries or territories are virtually wealthier than nonhavens. They usually have smaller population size, and their geographical characteristics are more likely to be islands with scarce natural resources, which can easily lead to economic openness. They also have substantial differences from nonhavens in legal origins and political institutions. Typically, tax havens have stronger governance institutions than comparable non-haven countries, and they are more likely to be dependent territories, have better legal and political systems. The examples of tax havens jurisdictions include Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, Luxembourg and Ireland in Europe, and some Caribbean island nations in the Americas, and that within some countries there are also low-tax jurisdictions, for example special economic regions in China. The Gordon Report, prepared for the US Treasury in 1981, states some more characteristics of tax havens. Income and capital in tax havens countries usually can get lower or zero tax rate and banking or commercial secrecy provides some opportunities to tax avoidance and/or tax evasion. There is no exchange control, but it provides a provision of offshore banking facilities. Additionally, tax havens often have good communication facilities and political stability; they can provide an opportunity for multilateral tax planning. Foreign capital in these countries can get favorable disposition; professional advisers are always available for foreign investors. Furthermore, their convenient locations and decent communications climates, especially the freedom from excessive regulations,  Ã‚   The Role of Tax Havens in International Market There is a traditional â€Å"negative† view that tax havens play a disproportionate role in the world’s foreign direct investment (FDI) (Slemrod and Wilson, 2006), however, an emerging â€Å"positive† opinion of havens implies that their existence may not make high-tax countries get worse (Hines, 2006, 2007; Hong and Smart, 2007). High-tax countries may tax immobile firms more heavily, but tax havens impose lower tax rates on highly mobile firms. Given all other considerations equal, tax policies can affect MNCs’ FDI; lower tax rates could increase after-tax returns, thereby increasing investment funds. Generally, tax havens don’t have the responsibilities to provide the same function for all MNCs. The larger tax haven jurisdictions are (given the sizes of local economies), the greater opportunities taxpayers have to locate taxable profits. The same investment activities in countries with different tax rates may get very different opportunities for tax avoidance. MNCs can achieve tax avoidance in various manners, such as intrafirm trade, dividend repatriations, royalty payments, and intrafirm debt. Many enterprises use transfer prices within business transactions to reduce their overall tax burden, in fact, this approach is being widely suspected. MNCs typically can obtain certain benefits from allowing affiliates in high-tax countries to reduce the prices of goods and services provided to affiliates in low-tax countries. Transfer prices may be paid by groups not related to these transactions, however, when pricing issues relate to some special proprietary and differentiation provisions, this situation is getting to be quite complicated. Because of some legal looseness firms completely can adjust transfer prices without violating any laws. According to Hines and Rice (1994), tax havens can be used by MNCs to gain profits away from high-tax countries, but can also help to repatriate taxes from activities in low-tax jurisdictions. For mitigating double taxation a country can provide some credits to MNCs and use deferral policies before profits are repatriated. As a result, this approach may increase this country’s tax liabilities when repatriating profits earned in low-tax jurisdictions. Altshuler and Grubert (2003) state that through kinds of ownership arrangements tax havens can make deferral of repatriation taxes available.   Practical Uses of Tax Havens A former employee of a Liechtenstein bank sold business information to Germany’s tax authorities, in February 2008 this international scandal was exposed. This news made some German residents being prosecuted for tax evasion, and meanwhile it attracted tax havens’ more attention on tax evasion issues, because some individuals use tax havens to avoid home country taxes illegally. Countries with income tax systems tax their residents’ overseas earnings, such as the interest, dividends and capital gains, whereas tax payers can evade these taxes because of some loopholds in bank secrecy laws. If foreign individuals don’t report their income arising in tax havens countries to their home country, their home country won’t know this income, because bank secrecy in tax haven countries will not provide information about these earnings to home country (Desai, Foley and Hines, 2004). As a general matter, individuals’ use of havens can be evaluated by foreign portfolio investment (FPI). International portfolio diversification provides insurance against the economic risks from investor’s home country, so investors can get substantial gains (French and Poterba, 1991). Investors have many nontax advantages for international diversification in tax havens, whereas they have to spend some efficiency costs on the benefits of FPI. For the purpose of evasion more and more investors locate their portfolios abroad, however, the issues of fairness and confidence in the tax system is undermined (Desai, Foley and Hines, 2006a). The costs caused by individuals’ use of tax havens largely depend on the degree of tax evasion. Some significant amounts of revenues are lost by countries as a result of illegal tax evasion through havens. Firms also invest large amounts in tax havens, but the firms using of havens may be quite different from individuals. The firms, which prefer to operate in tax havens, are most active abroad, technology-intensive and with extensive intrafirm trade, and these firms always are large MNCs. In order to get tax avoidance in tax haven operations, these firms could allocate taxable income away from high-tax jurisdictions. In larger tax haven jurisdictions the firms primarily reallocate taxable income, whereas in smaller tax haven countries the primary use of these firms is to facilitate deferral of home country taxation of foreign income. If a tax haven operation could generate a 1.5 to two percent greater sales and investment growth, in non-haven countries it’s only one percent greater likelihood (Desai, Foley and Hines, 2006b). Generally, these firms are not seeking to evade home country corporate taxes; they use tax havens for getting tax planning activities and tax avoidance lega lly. MNCs can use havens to defer or reduce their tax liabilities to other governments. Most nonhaven countries have two approaches to taxing their resident corporations’ overseas income: a â€Å"worldwide† system (used by the US, the UK and Japan) provides a foreign tax credit (FTC) for taxes paid to foreign governments to avoid the double taxation; a â€Å"territorial† system (used by most capital exporting countries, such as Germany and the Netherlands) exempts abroad income from home country taxation (Hong and Smart, 2007). For MNCs in territorial countries, income from the home country or some other high-tax country could be reallocated to a tax haven. Actually, a worldwide system is not pure, for example the US allows the taxation of overseas earnings to be deferred until these earnings are â€Å"repatriated† to the US. Moreover, the tax paid to the tax haven government is low or nil, thus, MNCs based in countries prefer to use tax havens to reduce or def er their tax liabilities, and they can use of debt among affiliates and transfer pricing to achieve this aim. When subsidiaries of a MNC trade between themselves, the prices they used can affect the allocation of the MNCs’ income within different jurisdictions. Governments generally ask firms to use â€Å"arm’s-length† prices; however, arm’s-length markets may don’t exist for some transactions. Take intellectual property for example, subsidiaries of same MNC can choose the place to locate research and development activities in order to attract other subsidiaries’ royalty payments into lower-tax countries; or MNCs can also have affiliates in tax havens lend to affiliates in high-tax jurisdictions. This â€Å"interest stripping† or â€Å"earnings stripping† generates interest deductions in high-tax jurisdictions and makes interest payments flowing towards low-tax jurisdictions (Desai and Dharmapala, 2006). Though governments impose some restrictions on capital structure to restrict this situation, apparently it’s less successful. Conclusion In many countries the governments make policies to reduce the tax burden of their residents, but they cannot make people avoid taxes totally. If the exemption method of taxation is used simply, the residents may pay nothing on their income arising in a tax heaven country. Thus, there is a limited relief on the income from tax haven countries. The firms in tax haven countries could reallocate taxable income earned in high-tax jurisdictions and defer repatriation taxes on income from low-tax jurisdictions. Operations of MNCs in tax haven countries can be treated as part of their international tax avoidance strategies. Tax havens usually attract MNCs to establish affiliates there, and high RD industries and intrafirm trades with large volumes prefer to invest there as well. Presumably, larger tax haven countries are likely more suitable for subsidiaries to reallocate income, and to reflect the effects of transfer pricing enforcement. Apparently, firms investing abroad at faster rates ar e more likely to establish new tax haven operations to avoid taxes. References Altshuler, R. and Harry, G. (2003) Repatriation taxes, repatriation strategies and multinational financial policy. Journal of Public Economics, 87 (73)-107 Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F. and Hines, J. R., Jr. (2004) Economic Effects of Regional Tax Havens. NBER Working Paper, No. 10806 Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F. and Hines, J. R., Jr. (2006a) The Demand for Tax Haven Operations. Journal of Public Economics, 90: 513-531 Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F. and Hines, J. R., Jr. (2006b) Do Tax Havens Divert Economic Activity?. Economics Letters, 90: 219-224 Desai, M. A. and Dharmapala, D. (2006) Corporate Tax Avoidance and High Powered Incentives. Journal of Financial Economics, 79: 145-179 Dharmapala, D. and Hines, J. R., Jr. (2006) Which Countries Become Tax Havens?. NBER Working Paper, NO. 12802 French, K. R. and Poterba, J. M. (1991) Investor Diversification and International Equity Markets. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 81: 222-226 Hines, J. R., Jr. and Rice, E. M. (1994) Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109: 149-182 Hines, J. R., Jr. (2006) Will Social Welfare Expenditures Survive Tax Competition?. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22: 330-348 Hines, J. R., Jr. (2007) â€Å"Corporate Taxation and International Competition† In A. J. Auerbach, Hines, J.R., Jr. and Slemrod, J. (eds.) Taxing Corporate Income in the 21st Century. UK: Cambridge University Press. Hong, Q. and Smart, M. (2007) In Praise of Tax Havens: International Tax Planning and Foreign Direct Investment. CESIfo Working Paper, No. 1942 Miller, A. and Oats, L. (2009) Principles of International Taxation. 2nded. UK: Tottel Publishing, Haywards Heath. pp. 225-229 OECD (1998) Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue.Paris: OECD OECD (2000) Towards Global Tax Cooperation: Progress in Identifying and Eliminating Harmful Tax Practices. Paris: OECD. OECD (2004) The OECD’s Project on Harmful Tax Practices: The 2004 Progress Report. Paris: OECD. Slemrod, J. and Wilson, J. D. (2006) Tax Competition with Parasitic Tax Havens. NBER Working Paper, No. 1225

A Brief History of Womens Property Rights in the U.S.

A Brief History of Women's Property Rights in the U.S. Today, its easy to take for granted that women can take out a line of credit, apply for a home loan, or enjoy property rights. However, for centuries in the United States and Europe, this was not the case. A womans husband or another male relative controlled any property allotted to her. The gender divide concerning property rights was so widespread that it inspired Jane Austen novels such as Pride and Prejudice and, more recently, period dramas such as Downton Abbey. The plot lines of both works involve families made up solely of daughters. Because these young women cant inherit their fathers property, their future depends on finding a mate. Womens right to own property was a process that took place over time, starting in the 1700s. By the 20th century, women in the U.S. could be property owners, just as men were. Womens Property Rights During Colonial Times American colonies generally followed the same laws of their mother countries, usually England, France, or Spain. According to British law, husbands controlled womens property. Some colonies or states, however, gradually gave women limited property rights. In 1771, New York passed the Act to Confirm Certain Conveyances and Directing the Manner of Proving Deeds to Be Recorded, legislation gave a woman some say in what her husband did with their assets. This law required a married man to have his wifes signature on any deed to her property before he sold or transferred it. Moreover, it required that a judge meet privately with the wife to confirm her approval. Three years later, Maryland passed a similar law. It required a private interview between a judge and a married woman to confirm her approval of any trade or sale by her husband of her property. So, while a woman may not have technically been allowed to own property, she was allowed to prevent her husband from using hers in a way she found objectionable. This law was put to the test in the 1782 case Flannagans Lessee v. Young. It was used to invalidate a property transfer because no one had verified if the woman involved actually wanted the deal to go through. Massachusetts also took women into consideration regarding its property rights laws. In 1787, it passed a law allowing married women, in limited circumstances, to act as femme sole traders. This term refers to women who were allowed to conduct business on their own, especially when their husbands were out to sea or away from home for another reason. If such a man was a merchant, for example, his wife could make transactions during his absence to keep the coffers full. Progress During the 19th Century Its important to note that this review of womens property rights mostly means white women. Slavery was still practiced in the U.S. at this time, and enslaved Africans certainly did not have property rights; they were deemed property themselves. The government also trampled on the property rights of the indigenous men and women in the U.S. with broken treaties, forced relocations, and colonization generally. As the 1800s began, people of color did not have property rights in any meaningful sense of the word, though matters were improving for white women. In 1809, Connecticut passed a law permitting married women to execute wills, and various courts enforced provisions of prenuptial and marriage agreements. This allowed a man other than a womans husband to manage the assets she brought to the marriage in a trust. Although such arrangements still deprived women of agency, they likely prevented a man from exercising total control of his wifes property. In 1839, a Mississippi law passed giving white women very limited property rights, largely involving slavery. For the first time, they were allowed to own enslaved Africans, just as white men were. New York gave women the most extensive property rights, passing the Married Womens Property Act in 1848 and the Act Concerning the Rights and Liabilities of Husband and Wife in 1860. Both of these laws expanded the property rights of married women and became a model for other states throughout the century. Under this set of laws, women could conduct business on their own, have sole ownership of gifts they received, and file lawsuits. The Act Concerning the Rights and Liabilities of Husband and Wife also acknowledged mothers as joint guardians of their children along with fathers. This allowed married women to finally have legal authority over their own sons and daughters. By 1900, every state had given married women substantial control over their property. But women still faced gender bias when it came to financial matters. It would take until the 1970s before women were able to get credit cards. Before then, a woman still needed her husbands signature. The struggle for women to be financially independent of their husbands extended well into the 20th century.

The body is a tool through which to construct the self Essay

The body is a tool through which to construct the self - Essay Example The concept of using the body to represent ideas about the self is quite ancient. Not all citizens have always had the chance to express their true selves through their bodies. For instance, for a long time, it was male artists who defined feminine qualities because women were not expected to have any ideas about the functions of their own bodies. Male artists would produce idealisations of the female shape that were not accurate. This affected how women perceived themselves. It is important for all individuals to feel that they can express their identities through their bodies without being held to a pre-established false standard of themselves. The body was used as a canvas for self-expression by the earliest humans that existed 30,000 years ago. According to Grezes, Pichon, and de Gelder (2007), archaeologists have found ochre deposits and handprints in caves in different parts of the world that are indicative of body painting functions. Ancient burial mounds of civilisations that existed thousands of years ago also show indications of body changing operations such as flattened skulls, or elongated heads. This proves that ancient civilisations engaged in head shaping practices to express aspects that their communities believed in. From such characteristics, it is obvious that even in ancient civilisations community members would make marks on their bodies that were expressions of social status, individuality, or cultural identity. People did not just construct their selves through their bodies by means of markings, however. They also used socially accepted forms of body expression such as dance. According to Hogan and Strasburger (2008), dance includes the physical movement of the body to the accompaniment of music. It is accurate to say that dance has been used as a way of one or more individuals communicating with others. Before the invention of written language, many communities would use dance to express themselves and even communicate stories between

Hazard and vulnerability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard and vulnerability - Essay Example The assumption that 'natural' disasters are inherently and predominantly natural phenomena has tended to exclude the social sciences from consideration in much of the spending that is done in disaster preparedness. This is despite the fact that over the last twenty years a considerable literature on disasters has emerged from human geography, sociology, anthropology and (to a lesser extent) economics. For many years, social science has contributed to policy formation for disasters (especially in the Third World) through the activities of many Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). The initial development of vulnerability analysis is then rooted in social science, and in a sense has constituted a political economy of disasters to the analysis of devastating events that are normally associated with natural hazards. At its most simplistic, vulnerability analysis asserts that for there to be a disaster there has to be not only a natural hazard, but also a vulnerable population. Much of the conventional work on disasters has been dominated by 'hard science', and has been a product of the prominence that natural phenomena have acquired in the disaster causation process. But this 'physicalist' approach is also a result of the social construction of disasters as events that demonstrate the human condition as subordinate to Nature.

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society

Anthropological Perspective on Culture and Society The three branches of human sciences (Social sciences), Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology are interlinked in that they try to describe the different areas of human life and their relationships to each other. They offer an explanation on human behavior and in the society they live. Furthermore, these social sciences provide essential skills in analyzing the intentions and behavior of individuals and groups they encounter. Individual identity is forged by ones culture, groups, and by institutional influences. Institutions such as families, schools and even churches greatly influence human beings yet these institutions are merely organizations whose aim is to develop the core social values of its constituents. In discussing cultural diversity on the perspectives of the three social sciences there is a need to understand the difference between culture and society. This is because the all the three disciplines explore culture and society to understand human behavior in depth. The term Culture has many different meanings, for some it is the appreciation of art, literature, music and food, while for others like biologists; they take it as a colony of microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium in a laboratory. However for social scientists, culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. Cultures are traditions and customs, transmitted through learning and adaptations. Children obtain such traditions by growing up in a certain society, through a process called enculturation. A culture results into a degree of uniformity in behavior and thought among the inhabitants of a particular society (Baugher et. al, 2000, p. 4). The terms culture and society are different as cultures are co nsidered to be complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions while society is a group of interacting organisms. Therefore this paper will critically analyze cultural diversity based on the three social sciences, evaluating the social sciences similarities and differences. Discussion Anthropological perspective of culture diversity When it comes to understanding diversity in cultures, the anthropological view can help humanity understand and appreciate the complexity of diverse cultures. This discipline involves the study of biological and cultural origins of the humans. The subject matter of anthropology is wide-ranging, including, fossil remains, non human primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and present languages, and all the prehistoric and contemporary cultures of the world. The subfield of cultural anthropology is the most commonly studied and useful in analyzing and interpreting the diverse cultures of the world. In recent years, recognition of the need for multicultural awareness, understanding, and skills has grown in our society. The aim is to achieve multicultural diversity competence, which is a term that refers to the ability to demonstrate respect and understanding, to communicate effectively, and to work with different cultural backgrounds (George Fischer, 1999, p. 71). These diversities in culture encompass differences in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, social class and physical appearance. Misunderstandings and conflicts in the society are two major consequences of lack of awareness in the ever increasing cultural diversity. Cultural anthropology explains cultural diversity through aspects of social life such as material culture, social organizations, politics, economics, symbolism, change and development, ethnici ty and modern nation-state formation. In explaining and interpreting the diverse cultures, anthropology uses ethnography- describing particular cultures; and ethnology- comparing two or more cultures. In addition it incorporates the holistic approach in cultural studies by studying biological and cultural aspects of human behavior; encompassing the broadest possible time frame by looking at contemporary, historic and prehistoric societies; examining human culture in every part of the world; and studies many different aspects of human culture (George Fischer, 1999, p.68). Cultural diversity is relevant to a cultural approach in learning, in that learning and motivational styles and cross cultural pedagogical strategies assume attention to diversity in learner populations and pluralistic learning outcomes. The data, concepts and insights derived from the study of other cultures helps us meet our professional goals and lead more satisfying lives in a multicultural society (Herdman Macmillan, 2010, p. 23). Moreover, the process of studying anthropology is also valuable because of the skills and competencies that it helps to develop. Activities such as taking courses about different cultures, participating in local internships and international organizations, living in the universitys international dormitory, and participating in study abroad programs all combine to provide students with valuable skills in understanding diverse cultures hence achieve multicultural diverse competence. There is a need to come up with a strategy to accept cultural diversity, for example, in the United states of America the freedom to pursue ones individual dream and fortunes in the united states has produced a widening gap between the haves and have-nots. According to Herdman and Mcmillian, 2010, managing directors in United States of America made forty times as much compared to the average worker in 1973 and three hundred as much in 2004. At the same time, earnings of middle class were growing slightly and those of lower class were actually shrinking. This situation to a European means that the state is working against well being of the population, particularly in light of tax cuts during this period. Another instance is when expressing feelings of affection which is typical for all human. The manner in which the affection is expressed is cultural, the kiss is not universally accepted as a symbol of affection; some societies consider it suggestive of cannibalism. A basic anthropological strategy for understanding other cultures is to look at a cultural feature from within its original context rather than looking at it from the perspective of ones own culture; being inquisitive, non-judgmental, and open to new ways of thinking is vital in understanding other cultures; Balancing contradictory needs instead of trying to eliminate them; emphasize global team work; develop a cognitive complex which is made up of twin abilities of differentiating and integrating; and developing a personal acuity (Naylor, 1997, p. 157). The strategy will not only help you personally in understanding other cultures but assist you in integrating to any culture globally. Sociological perspective on Cultural Diversity Sociology is critical analysis of the society in which humans live. People who make sense of the social world-past, present and future- are referred to as sociologists (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 8). Sociologists research on social structures such as class, family, politics, social problems like drug abuse and crime all of which influence the society. Social interaction amongst humans is the basic sociological concept, because all humans and groups that make up a society socialize. Specialists who focus on particular details of specific interactions as they occur daily are called micro sociologists and those that focus on larger patterns of interactions amongst larger sections of the society such as state and economy are called macro sociologists. A society is rarely culturally uniform hence the result of different cultures. As societies develop and become more complex, different cultural traditions appear. The more complex the society, the more likely the culture will be internally varied and diverse. The causes of cultural changes in a society are cultural diffusion, innovation, and imposition of cultural change by outside world (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 72). Two concepts from sociology help in understanding complexity of culture in a given society, dominant culture and subcultures. Dominant culture is the culture of the most powerful group in the society. Although it is not the only culture in society, it is commonly referred to be the culture of a society, despite other cultures present. Subcultures on the other hand are cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture. Members of subcultures tend to interact frequently and share a common world view. Sociology stipulates that culture consists of both material objects and abstract thoughts and behavior. Several elements which sociologists consider in understanding culture diversity are language, norms, beliefs and values (Kaufman, 2004, p. 7). Language: Learning the language of a culture is essential to becoming part of a society. Language shapes culture as it provides the categories through which social reality is understood. This was proved by Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Worf in the 1950s through their theory called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The hypothesis states, it is not that you perceive something first and then think of how to express it, but that language itself determines what you think and perceive (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 83). In understanding cultural diversity language is seen to reflect the assumptions of a culture. This is seen and exemplified by: language affecting peoples perception of reality; Language reflecting the social and political status of different groups in society; Groups advocating changing language referring to them as a way of asserting positive group identity; The implications of language emerging from specific historical and cultural contexts; language distorting actual grou p experience; language shaping peoples perceptions of groups and events in society. Norms: They are specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Lack of norms in any society results in turmoil however, with established norms people would be able to act, behave and interact in a society properly. In the early years of sociology, William Graham Summer in 1906 identified two types of norms; folkways and mores. Folkways are general standards of behavior adhered to by a group, example wearing pants and not skirts for men. Mores are stricter mores which are seen to control moral and ethical behaviors such as injunctions, legal and religious. Beliefs: They are shared ideas people hold collectively within a given culture, and these beliefs are also the basis of many cultural norms and values, example in USA there is a widespread belief in God. Sociology study belief in a variety of ways, and each theoretical mentation provides different insights into the significance of beliefs for human society. Values: They are abstract standards in a society or group that defines the ideal principles of what is desirable and morally correct, for example in USA equality and freedom are important values which provide a general outline for behavior. Values provide values for behavior, but can also be sources of conflict like the political conflict over abortion. Understanding the four elements of sociology enables proper integration in any society. Integration into the society is achieved by respecting the diverse cultures that are found in a society. Sociology studies culture in a variety of ways, asking numerous questions about the relationship of culture to other social institutions and the role of culture in modern life. The new cultural perspective on culture according to Naylor, 1997, is that it is ephemeral, unpredictable and constantly changing; is a material manifestation of consumer-oriented society; and is best understood by analyzing its artifacts- books, films, television images. Psychological Perspective on Culture Diversity Social psychology a subfield of psychology has its origins in the early years of the twentieth century. Its findings do not necessarily concern human thinking throughout history but rather meet the requirements of our modern society. Social psychology research aims to capture the interplay between social thinking and socio-historical dynamics in order to understand how societies function and how culture is produced (Xenia, 2004, p. 13). Psychology is distinguished from neighboring social sciences through its emphasis on studying samples of organisms within controlled settings rather than focusing upon larger groups, organizations or nations. Psychologists test the specific results of changes in a controlled environment on the individual in that environment, but there are strongly set procedures through which organisms are tested psychometrically. There is a big debate in psychology and more generally in social sciences how to define culture. In some definitions the concept of culture includes behavior, in the sense that our behaviors are expressions of our culture. Other definitions emphasize that participating in a culture means having understanding of our world. However with trying to find a consensual definition of this concept, the main argument of researchers in psychology is to highlight how important it is to take into account the cultural context in which psychological studies were conducted (Kerr Tindale, 2011). They were right to point out that humans are linked to the social context in which they live, proving that psychological functioning and human behavior are universal and culture specific. Sharing a culture means that people have a common way of viewing their relationship with the social and physical environment; of communicating their thoughts and emotions; of prioritizing their activities; of dividing tasks and resources; of attributing values, honors, and power (Xenia, 2004, pp.17-18). When they do not share the above listed elements then culture diversity occurs from a psychological point of view. The people of diverse cultures are not like minded hence the question is, whether individuals from diverse cultures can coexist harmoniously in time space and under the same political and social organizations? The answer to this question provides the idea of how to cope with culture diversity. Various cultures flourish from the recognition that they represent a set of beliefs, modes of thinking and practices that are peculiar to them and different from others. Some cultures are more inclusive example western cultures, others refer to a small group of people for instance the Basque culture, but each one of them is important for its members because they represent the way they construct their social reality, and provides them with action alternatives. Conclusion Culture Diversity has been discussed using the three social science disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology. Even though all of them have a similarity of trying to understand culture diversity in humans, they are different in terms of how they approach the study. Anthropology looks at culture diversity at the perspective of humanity, his origin and through aspects of social life such as ethnicity, symbolism, politics, race and so on. Anthropology explains that the origin of culture diversity is through mankind hence the concentration a human perspective. Sociology looks at the society which humans live so as to explain culture diversity. It states that elements such as language, beliefs, norms, and values are what bring about culture diversities. Psychology on the other hand analyses culture diversity with focus entirely on internal factors that influence individuals. Therefore the three social sciences provide an understanding of culture diversity and a basis of respecting other cultures.

Hedonics Presentation: Disgust

Disgust is an intriguing emotion. Psychologists have long been puzzled by its nature: how it develops in an individual and how it affects the society. According to Rozin et al (Rozin, Haidt, McCauley, 2000), there are nine domains of disgust elicitors in North Americans, namely: food, animals, body products, sexual behaviors, violations of the dermal layer, poor hygiene, physical contact with dead or corpses, interpersonal contamination and certain moral offenses. These elicitors are the key to the development as well as maintenance of disgust in humans.Food is considered the most fundamental factor in the development of such emotion. Disgust serves as a mechanism that helps protect the body from ingesting harmful objects or poisonous foods. It is a response towards bad tastes which are acquired through the mouth. As an emotion, disgust is manifested through behavioral, physiological, expressive, and qualia components. Thus, it can be analyzed by examining these components. Understan ding how disgust affects moral judgment, conflict and ethno-political violence lies in these categories.The purpose of this paper is to explain what disgust is, identify the different factors associated with its development, understand how it is expressed by an individual, and finally, explain how it affects the society. Expression of Disgust: How Disgust is expressed Personally and Culturally and the Role of Sympathetic Magic Disgust is a basic emotion that is listed in almost all lists of emotions with at least four types in it. It satisfies any criterion in characterizing emotions, may it be facial, semantic, or eclectic (Rozin et al, 2000).Expression of disgust in individuals as well as cultural entities is subdivided into four components: behavioral, physiological, expressive, and qualia (Rozin et al, 2000). Laws of sympathetic magic also affect the display of disgust in an individual and how disgust is expressed in every cultural entity. Individual Expression Manifestation of disgust as an emotion in humans is subdivided into four components: behavioral, physiological, expressive, and qualia (Rozin et al, 2000). In behavioral component, disgust is being expressed as keeping away from objects, events, or situations which are also characteristics of rejection.In the physiological component, disgust is manifested by two types of physiological changes: one is nausea and the other is salivation. Nausea is correlated with disgust, though it is not a requirement for someone to experience it. Salivation was introduced by Angyal as being correlated with the expression of disgust. It is also associated with nausea, though it can occur without resulting to or beginning from nausea. In the expressive component, disgust is manifested through facial expressions (Rozin, Lowery, & Ebert, 1994).A â€Å"disgust face† is an expression which is analogous to every human being. Such facial expressions include raised cheeks, narrowed eyebrows, curled upper lips, protrud ed tongue and wrinkled nose. Motions of the heads, such as jerking backwards and shaking from side-to-side, are also correlated with disgust. Sometimes, the person may utter sounds like â€Å"ach† or â€Å"ugh†. These expressions depend upon the nature of elicitors which are commonly used to discourage entry of something, most probably food, or as a response to something that causes the disgust, such as rotten flesh.The qualia component of disgust is the mental or feeling component which is considered to be the most difficult to study. As compared with other emotions, disgust is usually experienced in shorter time durations and some disgust-eliciting situations might invoke humor. Laws of Sympathetic Magic Two laws of sympathetic magic, contagion and similarity, which were vital in the formation of belief systems of ancient and traditional cultures, were found to have had great application in the study of various human behaviors (Rozin, Millman, & Nemeroff, 1986).Rozin et al (1986) were able to establish direct link between these laws and disgust. Contagion. The first law of sympathetic magic states that â€Å"once in contact, always in contact†. Contagion, as it is more popularly known, invokes varied response from people. One of which is disgust. As its definition suggests, contagion is the transfer of properties through physical contact of one object into another. Rozin et al (1986) studied how drinks became undesirable after a sterilized, dead cockroach was dipped into it.Cockroaches are usually associated with dirt and diseases and any contact with it invokes disgust. The role of contagion is to transfer these properties into other objects, in this case, the drinks. As a result, a person who sees the cockroach in the drink will experience revulsion of it. Similarities. The second law, commonly called similarities, states that â€Å"the image equals the object† (Rozin et al, 1986). Under this law, objects, especially food, repre sent other undesirable objects.An acceptable food, for example, fudge shaped into dog feces, might invoke revulsion from people because of its looks or what it represents. The role of the second law of sympathetic magic in the acquisition of disgust in an individual is the representation of disgust elicitors by acceptable objects, such as food. Development and Maintenance of Disgust Disgust is often viewed as a food-related emotion. Most studies in the evolution of disgust pointed it as a response of distaste. Bad tastes elicit disgust in varying degrees or relevance.For example, bitter foods are less accepted by people’s mouth, whereas poisonous foods are totally avoided. Disgust serves as a protective mechanism of people against any harm, especially ingestion of foods. However, disgust can also be elicited by other factors. According to Rozin et al (2000), there are nine elicitors of disgust in the Americans, namely: food, animals, body products, sexual behaviors, violation s of the dermal layer, poor hygiene, physical contact with dead or corpses, interpersonal contamination and certain moral offenses. Food RejectionThe most basic elicitor of disgust in humans is food. This arises from the fundamental fact that living organisms, especially humans, need to eat. The need for food is more frequent than any other things. Food shaped cultures more than anything because people are more inclined to eat together. Anything that seems delicious for us today is the result of the thousands of years of cultural transformations. On the other hand, anything disgusting today is also the result of these transformations. Using food as the variable in experimental studies, disgust can be classified under food rejection.The laws of sympathetic magic are concerned on the differentiation between acceptable foods or foods that are thought to be offensive and contaminating (Rozin & Fallon, 94) in different cultures. The mouth plays a very important role since it is the main entry point into the human body. It is therefore important to determine which food must be eaten. Offensive and contaminating foods are rendered inedible thus preserving the health of populations or religious entities. Food rejection is the avoidance of offensive and contaminating foods.Several factors affect people’s perception of likes and dislikes. Rozin (1986) noted that many people dislike certain foods and render it contaminating and inedible. Distaste is the most frequent elicitor of disgust which is also characterized as food rejection. Issues Related with One-Trial Learning Studies on one-trial learning of disgust have been used in exploring the nature of disgust. In this context, a number of individuals are being asked to fill-up questionnaires or survey forms which ask for event(s) that changed their perception of likes to dislikes or dislikes to likes.Initial results showed that it is harder for people to provide preferences rather than creating aversions. This is supported by data gathered from the one-trial learning study done by Rozin (1986). Table 1 shows the number of incidence of reported one-trial learning. However, there are certain issues on the accuracy of the results of one-trial learning. These issues are subjects of debates on the reliability of one-trial learning in the study of disgust. Issues include errors in the statistical method used, bias as results of world events, and biases about learning of new negative events (Rozin, 1986).Relationship of Hedonic Processes to other Cognitive Processes Hedonic shifts in relation to disgust are more on aversions rather than preferences. This was proved using the one-trial learning study on human perceptions of likes and dislikes. The results of the one-trial learning studies showed that there is greater tendency for people to shift from like to dislike and lesser tendency to do otherwise. Thus, negative hedonic shift is more common in disgust. Conclusion Psychologists and socio-analys ts have long been fascinated with the study of disgust as an emotion.A number of articles have been produced in attempts of explaining the emotion. The expression of disgust is divided into four components: behavioral, physiological, expressive, and qualia components. Among these components, the most easily identified is the expressive component which is seen through facial expressions. The facial expressions include crossed eyebrows, raised or curled lips, and wrinkled nose. The two laws of sympathetic magic played important roles in the development and maintenance of disgust.Studies showed that people tend to dislike someone or something that is related to an object (animate or not) in either contagion or similarities. These two laws are vital to the development of cultural entities. Finally, the use of one-trial learning in exploring the hedonic shifts of people in relation to disgust raised many issues that are subjects of debates. The issues include errors in the statistical me thod used, bias as results of world events, and biases about learning of new negative events. References: Baeyens, F., G. Crombez, Van den Bergh & Eelen, P. (1988). Once in contact always in contact: Evaluative conditioning is resistant to extinction. 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